Although some claim it as such, Windows isn’t a microkernel-based operating system in the
classic definition of microkernels, where the principal operating system components (such as the
memory manager, process manager, and I/O manager) run as separate processes in their own
private address spaces, layered on a primitive set of services the microkernel provides. For
example, the Carnegie Mellon University Mach operating system, a contemporary example of a
microkernel architecture, implements a minimal kernel that comprises thread scheduling, message
passing, virtual memory, and device drivers. Everything else, including various APIs, file systems,
and networking, runs in user mode. However, commercial implementations of the Mach
microkernel operating system typically run at least all file system, networking, and memory
management code in kernel mode. The reason is simple: the pure microkernel design is
commercially impractical because it’s too inefficient.
Does the fact that so much of Windows runs in kernel mode mean that it’s more susceptible
to crashes than a true microkernel operating system? Not at all. Consider the following scenario.
Suppose the file system code of an operating system has a bug that causes it to crash from time to
time. In a traditional operating system, a bug in kernelmode code such as the memory manager or
the file system would likely crash the entire operating system. In a pure microkernel operating
system, such components run in user mode, so theoretically a bug would simply mean that the
component’s process exits. But in practical terms, the system would crash because recovering
from the failure of such a critical process would likely be impossible.
All these operating system components are, of course, fully protected from errant
applications because applications don’t have direct access to the code and data of the privileged
part of the operating system (although they can quickly call other kernel services). This protection
is one of the reasons that Windows has the reputation for being both robust and stable as an
application server and as a workstation platform yet fast and nimble from the perspective of core
operating system services, such as virtual memory management, file I/O, networking, and file and
print sharing. The kernel-mode components of Windows also embody basic object-oriented design
principles. For example, they don’t in general reach into one another’s data structures to access
information maintained by individual components. Instead, they use formal interfaces to pass
parameters and access and/or modify data structures.
Despite its pervasive use of objects to represent shared system resources, Windows is not an
object-oriented system in the strict sense. Most of the operating system code is written in C for
portability and because C development tools are widely available. C doesn’t directly support
object-oriented constructs such as dynamic binding of data types, polymorphic functions, or class
inheritance. Therefore, the C-based implementation of objects in Windows borrows from, but
doesn’t depend on, features of particular object-oriented languages.
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